General Chemistry
1. Matter
  1. Introduction
  2. Atoms
    1. Atoms
    2. Elements
    3. Compounds
    4. Mixtures
  3. Dalton's Atomic Theory
    1. Dalton's Atomic Theory
    2. Ramifications of Dalton's Theory
  4. The General Structure Of The Atom
  5. Electrons
    1. Electrons
    2. Charge of Electrons
  6. Protons
  7. Neutrons
  8. Atomic Number And Mass Number
  9. Atomic Weight
  10. Molecules
    1. Molecules
    2. Molecular Weight
    3. Empirical Formula
  11. The Concept Of Mole
  12. Composition By Percentage
    1. Composition By Percentage
    2. Predicting Formulas from Percentage Compositions
  13. Density
2. Chemical reactions
  1. Introduction
  2. Chemical Reactions
  3. Types Of Chemical Reactions
    1. Types Of Chemical Reactions
    2. Combination Reaction
    3. Combustion Reaction
    4. Decomposition Reaction
    5. Displacement Reaction
    6. Metathesis Reaction
  4. Balancing Simple Equations
  5. Oxidation Number
  6. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    2. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  7. Calculations Involving Chemical Reactions
  8. The Concept Of Limiting Reagent
  9. Percent Yield
3. Electronic Structure
  1. Introduction
  2. Atomic Structure
    1. Atomic Structure
    2. Electromagnetic Waves
    3. The Wave Nature
    4. The Particle Nature and Quantum Theory
    5. Photoelectric Effect
    6. Key Observations on Photoelectric Effect
    7. Atomic Emission Spectra
    8. Bohr's Model of Hydrogen Atom
  3. Quantum Numbers
  4. Electronic Configuration
    1. Electronic Configuration
    2. Hund'sRule
4. Periodic Table
  1. Introduction
  2. The Periodic Table
    1. The Periodic Table
      1. Group VILLA
    2. Group LA
    3. Group IIA
    4. Group mA
    5. Group IVA
    6. Group VA
    7. Group VIA
    8. Group VILA
  3. Periodic Trends - One By One
    1. Atomic Size
    2. Ionic Radius
    3. Ionization Energy
    4. Electron Affinity
    5. Electronegativity
5. Chemical Bonding
  1. Introduction
    1. Introduction
    2. What are Chemical Bonds
  2. Ionic Bond
  3. Covalent Bond
    1. Covalent Bond
    2. Covalent Bond Formation
    3. Coordinat Covalent Bond
    4. Polar And Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
  4. The Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas
    1. The Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas
    2. Writing Lewis Formulas
  5. Resonance
  6. Formal Charge
  7. Bond Length And Bond Eenergy
  8. Molecular Goemetry
    1. Molecular Goemetry
    2. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
6. Gases
  1. Introduction
  2. Gases - An Overview
    1. Gases - An Overview
    2. Standard Temperature and Pressure
    3. Molar Volume
  3. Gas Laws
    1. Gas Laws
    2. Boyle's Law
    3. Charles' Law
    4. Combined Gas Law
    5. The Ideal Gas Law
  4. Kinetic Theory Of Gases
    1. Kinetic Theory Of Gases
    2. Some Aspects Related to Kinetic Theory
  5. Partial Pressure And Mole Fraction
    1. Partial Pressure And Mole Fraction
  6. Graham's Law
7. Liquids
  1. Introduction
  2. TheLiquid State
  3. Intermolecular Forces
    1. Intermolecular Forces
    2. Hydrogen Bonding
    3. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
    4. London Forces
  4. The Solid State
    1. The Solid State
    2. Ionic Solid
    3. Metallic Solid
    4. Molecular Solid
    5. Network Solid
  5. Phase Transitions
    1. Phase Transitions
    2. Types of Phase Transitions
  6. Heat Transfer
  7. Phase Diagrams
  8. Colligative Properties
    1. Colligative Properties
    2. Vapor-pressure Lowering
    3. Boiling-point Elevation
    4. Freezing-point Depression
    5. Osmotic Pressure
8. Chemistry of Solutions
  1. Introduction
  2. The Concept Of Solubility
    1. The Concept Of Solubility
    2. The Reasons for Solubility
    3. Ionic Solutions
  3. Molarity
  4. Molality
  5. Normality
  6. The Solubility Product Constant
    1. The Solubility Product Constant
    2. Ion Product
  7. Comomn-Ion Effect
  8. Electrolytes
9. Acid-Base Equilibrium
  1. Introduction
  2. Definations Of Acids And Bases
    1. Definations Of Acids And Bases
    2. The Bronsted-Lowry Definition
  3. The Lewis Theory
  4. Ionization Of Water
  5. The Concept Of pH
  6. Strong Acids And Bases
  7. Weak Acids And Bases
    1. Weak Acids And Bases
    2. Percentage Ionization
    3. Base-ionization Constant
  8. Dissociation Of Polyprotic Acids
  9. Differentiating Acdic And Basic Salts
  10. Buffers
  11. Titration Curves Of Acids And Bases
    1. Titration Curves Of Acids And Bases
    2. Indicators
    3. Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
    4. Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base
    5. Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid
10. Thermodynamics
  1. Introduction
    1. Introduction
    2. What is Thermodynamics
  2. The First Law Of Thermodynamics
    1. The First Law Of Thermodynamics
    2. Basic Aspects of Thermodynamics
  3. Endothermic AND Exothermic Reactions
  4. Law Of Heat Summation
  5. The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
  6. The Third Law Of Thermodynamics
  7. Free Energy
    1. Free Energy
    2. How Can We Predict Spontaneity?
  8. Temperature - Some Basics
    1. Transition State
    2. Temperature Dependance Of Rate
    3. A Brief Look At Catalyst
    4. Chemical Equilibrium
      1. Chemical Equilibrium
      2. The Equilibrium Constant
11. Equilibrium and kinetics
  1. Introduction
  2. Rate Of Reaction
    1. Rate Of Reaction
    2. Rate Law
  3. Factors That Affect The Equilibrium Of Reactions
    1. Factors That Affect The Equilibrium Of Reactions
    2. Effect of Temperature
    3. Effect of Pressure
12. Electrochemistry
  1. Introduction
  2. Electrolytic Cell
  3. Faraday's Law
  4. Galvanic Cell
  5. Standard Elelctrode Potentials
    1. Standard Elelctrode Potentials
    2. Finding the emf of a Cell
  6. The Free Eenergy-EMF Relation
13. Radioactivity
  1. Introduction
  2. Stability Of Nuclues
  3. Radioactive Decay
  4. Half-Life
Organic Chemistry
1. General Concepts
  1. Introduction
  2. The Carbon Atom
  3. Bonding
  4. Hybridization Of Orbitals
    1. Hybridization Of Orbitals
    2. sp3 Hybridization
    3. sp2 Hybridization
    4. sp Hybridization
  5. Resonance
  6. Functional Groups
2. Alkanes
  1. Introduction
  2. Alkanes
  3. Properties Of Alkanes
  4. Straight Chain And Branched Alkanes
  5. Alkyl Groups
  6. The IUPAC Naming Of Alkanes
  7. Cycloalkanes
  8. Reactions Of Alkanes
    1. Reactions Of Alkanes
    2. Halogenation
  9. Mechanism Of Free Radical Substitution Of Alkanes
  10. Reactivity Of Alkanes
  11. Conformation And Stability Of Alkanes
  12. Conformation And Stability Of Cyclo Alkanes
    1. Conformation And Stability Of Cyclo Alkanes
    2. Conformations of Cyclohexane
3. Alkenes
  1. Introduction
  2. Naming Of Alkenes
  3. Structural Integrity And Isomerism Of Alkenes
    1. Structural Integrity And Isomerism Of Alkenes
    2. Isomerism
    3. The E-Z System of Naming Alkenes
  4. General Properties Of Alkenes
  5. Synthesis Of Alkenes
    1. Synthesis Of Alkenes
    2. From Alkanes
    3. From Alcohols
    4. From Alkyl Halides by Dehydrohalogenation
    5. From Vicinal Dibromides by Dehalogenation
  6. Reactions Of Alkenes
    1. Reactions Of Alkenes
    2. Alkenes with Hydrogen Halides
    3. Anti-Markovnikov Addition
    4. Alkenes with Halogens
    5. Alkenes with Halogens in Aqueous Medium
    6. Epoxidation
    7. Ozonolysis
    8. Hydroxylation using Osmium Tetroxide
    9. Acid Catalyzed Reaction
    10. Hydroboratian-Oxidation
    11. Oxymercuration-Demercuration
    12. The Diels-Alder Reaction
4. Alkynes
  1. Introduction
  2. Naming Of Alknes
  3. Synthesis Of Alkynes
    1. Synthesis Of Alkynes
    2. From Dihalogenoalkanes
    3. From Acetylene
  4. Reactions Of Alkynes
    1. Reactions Of Alkynes
    2. Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
    3. Alkynes with Hydrogen Halides
    4. Alkynes with Halogens
    5. Ozonolysis
    6. Reaction Involving the Acidic Hydrogen in an Alkyne
    7. Acetylide with Aldehydes and Ketones
5. Aromatic Compounds
  1. Introduction
  2. Benzene
    1. Benzene
    2. Derivatives Of Benzene
    3. Properties Of Aromatic Compounds
    4. Concept Of Aromaticity
  3. Reactions Of Aromatic Compounds
    1. Reactions Of Aromatic Compounds
    2. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
    3. Nitration
    4. Friedel-Crafts Reactions
    5. Halogenation
    6. Sulfonation
  4. Directive Effects Of Substituents
    1. Directive Effects Of Substituents
    2. Activating Groups
    3. Deactivating Groups
6. Stereochemistry
  1. Introduction
  2. Stereoisomers
    1. Stereoisomers
    2. Enantiomers
    3. Diastereomers
  3. Optical Activity
    1. Optical Activity
    2. Some Generalizations Regarding Optical Activity
    3. Properties of Enantiomers and Diastereomers
  4. Configurations
    1. Configurations
    2. Absolute Configuration
    3. R-S System of Representation
7. Alkyl Halides
  1. Introduction
  2. Naming Of Alkyl Halides
  3. Properties Of Alkyl Halides
  4. Synthesis Of Alkyl Halides
    1. Synthesis Of Alkyl Halides
    2. FromAlkanes
    3. From Alkenes
  5. Reactions Of Alkyl Halides
    1. Reactions Of Alkyl Halides
    2. The SN2 Reaction
    3. The Mechanism of SN2 Reaction
    4. The SN1 Reaction
    5. The Mechanism of SN1 Reaction
    6. Elimination reactions
    7. The E2 reaction
    8. The El Reaction
    9. Substitution versus Elimination
8. Alcohols
  1. Introduction
  2. Properties Of Alcohols
    1. Properties Of Alcohols
    2. Solubility in H20
    3. Acidity of Alcohols
  3. Synthesis Of Alcohols
    1. Synthesis Of Alochols
    2. Hydroboration-Oxidation
    3. Oxy mercuration Demercuration
    4. From Epoxides
  4. Reactions Of Alcohols
    1. Reactions Of Alcohols
    2. Formation of Alkyl Halides
    3. Oxidation of Alcohols
    4. Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration
    5. Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols
    6. Rearrangement - An Example
9. Aldehydes and Ketones
  1. Introduction
  2. Some Aldehydes And Ketones
  3. Properties Of Aldehydes And Ketones
  4. Synthesis Of Aldehydes And Ketones
    1. Synthesis Of Aldehydes And Ketones
    2. From Alkenes by Ozonolysis
    3. Nucleophilic Addition To The Carbonyl Group
  5. Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones
    1. Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones
    2. With Grignard Reagents
    3. Aldol Addition And Condensation Reactions
  6. Reduction Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones
    1. Reduction Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones
    2. Conversion to Hydrocarbons
    3. Formation Of Acetals
10. Carboxylic Acids
  1. Introduction
  2. Properties Of Carboxylic Acids
  3. Synthesis Of Carboxylic Acids
    1. Synthesis Of Carboxylic Acids
    2. From Grignard Reagents
    3. From Alkyl Halides via Nitriles
  4. Reactions Of Carboxylic Acids
    1. Reactions Of Carboxylic Acids
    2. Decarboxylation
11. Acid Derivatives
  1. Introduction
  2. Acid Chlordies
    1. Acid Chlordies
    2. Reactions of Acid chlorides
  3. Acid Anhydrides
    1. Acid Anhydrides
    2. Reaction Involving Acid Anhydrides
  4. Amides
    1. Amides
    2. Hydrolysis of Amides
  5. Esters
    1. Esters
    2. Synthesis of Esters
  6. Reactions of Esters
    1. Reactions of Esters
    2. Esters with Grignard Reagents
    3. Saponification
12. Ethers
  1. Introduction
  2. Properties Of Ethers
  3. Preparation Of Ethers
  4. Cleavage Of Ethers By Acid
  5. The Basicity Of Ethers
  6. Epoxides
    1. Epoxides
    2. Some Reactions of Epoxides
13. Phenols
  1. Introduction
  2. Proterties Of Phenols
  3. Effects Of Substituents On The Acidity Of Phenols
  4. Reactions Of Phenols
  5. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction
14. Amines
  1. Introduction
  2. Structure Of Amines
  3. Properties Of Amines
  4. Preparation Of Amines
  5. Reactions Of Amines
    1. Reactions Of Amines
    2. Basicity Of Amines
15. Amino acid and Proteins
  1. Introduction
  2. Amino Acids
    1. Amino Acids
    2. Peptide Bond
    3. Peptides
    4. Alpha And Beta Amino Acids
    5. Dipolar Nature Of Amino Acids
    6. Classification Of Amino Acids
    7. Proterties Of Amino Acids
    8. Proteins
      1. Proteins
      2. Primary Structure of Proteins
      3. Secondary Structure of Proteins
      4. Tertiary Structure of Proteins
      5. Quaternary Structure of Proteins
      6. Denaturation Of Proteins
16. Carbohydrates
  1. Introduction
  2. Monosaccharides
  3. Configuration Of Monosaccharides
  4. Cyclic Structure Of Hexoses
    1. Cyclic Structure Of Hexoses
    2. Fructose
    3. Oxidation Of Monosaccharides
    4. Disaccharides
  5. Polysaccharides
    1. Polysaccharides
    2. Starch
    3. Glycogen
    4. Cellulose
17. Lipids
  1. Introduction
  2. Fatty Acids
  3. Triacyglycerols
  4. Steriods
18. Phosphoric acid chemistry
  1. Introduction
  2. Dissociation Of Phoshoric Acid
  3. Esters And Anhydrides
  4. Biological Significance Of Phosphoric Acid
19. Separation
  1. Introduction
  2. Extraction
  3. Crystallization
    1. Crystallization
    2. Qualities of the Solvent Used for Crystallization
    3. Distillation
  4. Chromatography
    1. Chromatography
    2. Thin-layer Chromatography
    3. Gas-liquid Chromatography
  5. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
    1. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
    2. Vibrational Modes
  6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
    1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
    2. The Basics of Proton NMR
    3. Spin-Spin Coupling

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